Iranian International Journal Of Social Sciences
Volume:8 Issue: 4, Autumn 2018

The year 1999 marks a remarkable turnaround in Nigeria’s history and bid for global reckoning as a democratic nation having grappled with a sustained military rule for many decades after her independence. However, with the country’s return to democratic rule, many teething problems evolved which of course is not strange to young and emerging democracies such as Nigeria’s particularly after many years of military dictatorship. These problems include high rate of crime, mass protest and agitations by numerous groups alleging marginalization, militancy, kidnapping, oil theft and pipeline vandalisation, cross border trafficking in drugs and persons, armed smuggling and the prevalence of small and light weapons, religious fundamentalism, terrorism and insurgency among others all capable of undermining the internal security and even the defense of the country. Qualitatively driven with reliance on secondary sources of data, this paper examines the basic issues, the challenges and the strategic imperatives of the country’s defense and internal security measures needed to stem the spate of agitations and insurgency in the country. It submits that these issues and challenges remain imperative given the level of freedom associated with civil rule after long years of military dictatorship and more so because as the people partake in governance which democracy guarantees, they are also emboldened to voice out their grievances even to a level of criminalizing the process. The paper concludes that the task is for Nigeria’s leadership to address these challenges and create a peaceful and secure country for its citizens.

In this research, the views provided by subscribers of Hamshahri inhabited in Tehran was studied and used to understand the role of the media promoting civic skills in view of subscribers. Method was used in the research is field and Library; and was conducted correlation and applied in manner purpose respectively. The statistical community consists of subscribers of Hamshahri in three, ten and nineteen areas of Tehran. 360questionnaires were distributed among the people and357questionnaires were returned. In the next step, based on a conceptual model, questions and hypotheses of research were evaluated using a researcher-made questionnaire, extracted items in statistical sample (subscribers of Hamshahri in three, ten and nineteen areas of Tehran).In descriptive statistics section, data was presented in two background and main variables using tables of frequency, relative, mean, standard deviation and variance indicators; Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Pearson-Spearman correlation test was used in Inferential section. The results of the statistical analysis suggest that there is a positive correlation between the two variables of the role of the media and the promotion of civic skills; and a direct relationship between the two variables. There is also a positive correlation between the role of the press and the citizens' familiarity in need of maintaining order and security in society, respect and observe others rights, people's familiarity with environmental damages and ways of reduction and prevention, educate citizens about the aggravated traffic problems and ways of reduction, their familiarity with enormous costs of the city administration and destruction of public property and the role of citizens participation in achieving sustainable revenues; and there is a direct relationship between the variables.

Network society is an ever-changing robust system expanding new nods as long as they can communicate. Videos, as a source of information and communication, are one of the most strategic nods in this architecture. The present study is a scholarly attempt in investigating the effects of videos on facilitating the process of migration for the Iranian students. To this end, our case studies participated in semi-structured interviews. The participants in these interviews included 36 students from the University of Tehran and the Tehran University of Art. Our qualitative methodology perceived the role of the informative and inspirational nature of videos in three basic stages of pre-immigration: an initial period of motivation; a phase of decision-making; and a state of preparation and arrangement. Furthermore, our findings revealed the implications of videos for migration plans as expectations built in the gap of virtuality and reality, detachment from social values, and redefinition of identity among our participants. These themes extracted from the interviews explained the mediated network tools’ distinct role in shaping the migration-related comprehension, conception and behavior of these Iranian students. Overall, the findings of our case study contribute to and support theoretical discussions implying that the digital technology of the network society operates a dynamic activity in the migration process.

The development and improvement of electronic communication instruments and means in postmodern societies with fast intention has caused further multiplication in meanings and content of the communication itself. On the other hand the involvement of cyber space in our privacy has caused massive personality changes in people particularly the youth, In a way that individuals are separated from real world and have become floated and absorbed in cyber world. The main aim of this essay is investigating the effect of cyber space on individualism and isolation among university students. The method is survey and the method for gathering information is questionnaire. Questionnaire reliability has been confirmed by Cronbach’s Alpha Method with accuracy of 86% and the statistical population is all the students in Science and Research Branch of Islamic Azad University. The statistical sample is 380 individuals according to Cochran’s formula who are chosen by a simple random sampling technique. Research findings show that majority of respondents equal to 87% has responded positive to the usage of cyber space. It is interesting to know that only 10.5 % of respondents responded negative to the usage of cyber space. Hence almost all of respondents have answered positive to the usage of cyber space. Majority of respondents equal to 79.25% has confirmed the usage of “Telegram Software” whereas 45.5% has confirmed the usage of “Telegram “and “whatsapp” simultaneously. According to the findings, the usage of cyber space has been measured: 56% Average, 30% High and 14% Low. Considering the statistical results, the relation between the independent variable (usage of cyber space, isolation and loneliness, feeling frustrated, age, education level, type of entertainment) and the dependent variables (social isolation and loneliness) has been strongly confirmed. Only relation of age with social isolation is reverse and relation of income level and social isolation could not be confirmed.

The family in Iran is a powerful and influential institution that is undergoing change over time. Various factors have contributed to these changes. In the 21st century, media such as satellite and cinema have linked communities closer together. In such a situation, the views, attitudes and beliefs of other societies reach out to other societies in the form of images, sounds and symbols through new media. The purpose of the present study is to investigate and analyze Hollywood films displayed on satellite networks with an emphasis on the concept of family and family relationships. The research methodology is content analysis and the Hollywood productions from 2000 to 2010 displayed on the satellite networks were reviewed. The results showed that the highest frequency of families depicted in the single-parent families (mother and son) was % 21.4 and the divorced families were % 26.7. The intergenerational relationship in the investigative films is negative and is over 70% depicted. In most films where the issue of marriage has been shown in some way, the importance of marriage has been emphasized on the criteria for choosing a materially spouse based on two aspects of apparent beauty and wealth and worldly possessions.

The objective of this research is determining the effectiveness of philosophy education on metacognitive beliefs among high school students. The objective of the research is applied and the method of data gathering is semi-experimental, pre-test and post-test with control group. Statistical population includes high school students in district 3 of Tehran in the first mid-term of educational year of 2018-2019 (N=6500). The sample size was considered 30 and for sampling the method of random clustering sampling was used. Data gathering tool, was metacognitive questionnaire of Wells (1997) including 30 articles and 5 subscales with titles of positive beliefs about anxiety, cognitive trust, cognitive self-recognition, negative beliefs about uncontrollability of thoughts, beliefs about requiring to control thoughts in the pattern of four-grade scale and holding educational course of philosophy for children for experiment group for 13 60-miniute sessions based on “philosophy for children, lesson plans” of Michael Burroughs. For data analysis, covariance analysis was used. The results indicated that philosophy education affects metacognitive beliefs among students of first grade high school, as it improves the level of metacognitive beliefs with effectiveness rate of 5.34.

The present study addresses the Pahlavi era regarding the political system, and it is to investigate and analyze authoritarian governments. The study which is a historical-documentary one, also deals with the consequences of authoritarianism in the Pahlavi era and the impacts of historical-geographical conditions of Iran on the emergence and durability of authoritarianism. Authoritarianism is considered to be a type of system which is established by exerting force and violence, illegitimate rule of power and lawlessness. Investigation of the factors affecting the structure of authoritarianism in this study indicates that the Pahlavi rule as an authoritarian government, despite its positive aspects and consequences, has had negative economic, political, and social consequences for the Iranian society at that time and for the later generations. Neglecting a negative social phenomenon at the present may cause extensive changes over time so that fighting or eradicating them needs far more time and costs. According to the results of the study we may say that the same policies provided the context for the fall of the regime.